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EvolvingPhoneNumber.txt
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1999-01-28
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The following article appeared in the American Heritage of Invention
and Technology.
**************
Your Evolving Phone Number
BY RICHARD BRODSKY
More and more commercialpoe numbers are being advertised with a
name or word as part of the number. We are urged to dal33-DIET or
970-LOAN. This is a small historical regression, requiring the use of
letters that te ponecompany made obsolete decades ago.
Where did the old alphanumeric dial plate come from? Mos of he wrld
never used letters. And where did it go? The story begins in the
telephone's infncy.
At frst, central-office operators sat at switchboards, completing
connections in responseto soken equests like "Ring Dr. Smith,
please." There were few enough phone lines so the opeator siply kne
where to plug in for the call. That began to change during an outbreak
of the meases in Loell, Masachusetts, in 1879. The town doctor,
Moses Parker, feared that if all four Lowel operatos fell il, their
substitutes would have trouble connecting people unless every line got
anumber. Th idea caugt on.
In the 1880s telephone service quadrupled in the nation's settled
reas. Citie soon had nt only a central office and phone numbers but
exchanges in other parts of twn, so callrs now aske for Main or
Central plus the subscriber's several-digit number. Branchexchanges
usully took thei names from their relative geography. St. Louis had
Main and Central; Bltimore, Easten; and San Fracisco, West.
As new exchanges proliferated, they usually took ther names from
sreets or neighbrhoods: thus Brooklyn's Bensonhurst, Los Angeles's
Hollywood, and oston's Commonwelth. Bell devisd phonetic tests to
help make sure only easily understood names wre chosen.
By th time dialed callng was introduced in the Bell System, in 1921,
the exchange name were so ingrainedthat Bell Telephon kept them on.
William G. Blauvelt of AT&T had divided the aphabet into groupsof
three letters fo each of the dial's openings in 1917. He omitted Q
becaus of its infrequency,and the rarely used was relegated to the
zero (operator) slot and eventually ropped as well. Becase c single
phone-numer pulse could be transmitted when the receiver lifte or
the finger wheel ws jarred, no calls woud be initiated until a pulse
signal of at least 2 was eceived. Thus the numer 1 got no letters
atached to it.
Dialing swept the nation, but only lrge cities used exchang name
dialing; in smal towns one still had only to dial a three- r
four-digit number. For nstance, in Walnut Creek California, if your
number was 1407, locally yo dialed 1407. From out of town you asked
for WalnutCreek 1407. Across the bay in San Francisco, f you wanted
Sutter 1407, yu would dial SU-1407; from far you'd dial 211 for the
longlines operatr and say, "I'd like San Fancisco, please: Sutter
140."
When neighborhood and street names stated to run out, the Bell Systm
recommended new names. Bll of Pennsylvania looked to trees, o
Pittsburgh and Philadelphiawound up in the 1930s with sared names
like Locust, Poplar, and Wanut.
Seven-digit numbers becam standard only after World War I. New York
City had pioneered themin the early 1930s when it bega inserting an
"exchange-designaton number" after the two- letter xchange prefix.
Thus were born nmbers like CAnal 6-5108.
By the id-1950s all other major cities ere converted to this system,
retiing such diverse combinations as Cicago's three letters and fourdigits, Cleveland's two letters an four digits, and Dallas's one
etter and four digits. In 1961, Bell Telephone announced that it
would phase out exchange name ialing city by city. Pitsburgh and
Cincinnati began conversin in, 1962; Philadelphia and Seattl were
the last to chage, in 1978. The now classic combiation of two
letters and five numbers ad been a fully natinal standard for less
than a decade.
Al-number calling was introduced for seeral reasons. Mainly there
weren't enough workable letter ombinations. Exchanges like 571 had
styed unavailable bcause letters like JKL (5) and PRS(7) wuldn't
combine. All-number calling also eliminated cnfusingly spelled
exchanges like New Yok's RHinelander, prevented mix ups beteen
similar leters and numbers like O and 0, and made ossible direct
dialing from Europe and othr parts of te world. Most countries had
never had lettrs on their dials.
The old central-office ames are one from the phone book, but they
resonate i memory. They seem to stand for an era - the era of lenn
Miller's "Pennsylvania 6-5000," of John OHara's Butterfield 8, and of
Barbara Stanwyck' cloely clutched list of phone numbers in the
cilling 1948 film Sorry, Wrong Number. 335-DIET ust sn't the same.
******************
Richard Brodsky is a medical librrin and collector of telephone
memorabilia in Pittsurgh.
*****************